Modeling the demand for alcoholic beverages and advertising speci®cations
نویسندگان
چکیده
In this paper, the demand for beer, wine, spirits and soft drinks in Ontario is modeled in two parts: an equation is speci®ed to endogenize group expenditures and a demand system is set up to allocate budgeted group expenditures across types of beverages. Advertising is allowed to in ̄uence both the level of group expenditures and its allocation. Three popular advertising speci®cations are compared using the J-test and the likelihood dominance criterion. Even though all three speci®cations ®tted well according to standard criteria, the calculated expenditure, price and advertising elasticities were sensitive to the manner with which advertising is speci®ed. This clearly highlights the need to rely on a sound criterion to identify a dominant speci®cation. From the identi®ed dominant speci®cation, we found that advertising has very subtle effects on expenditures on alcoholic beverages (group and individual beverages). Thus, advertising is not effective in enlarging markets and this suggests that ®rms (especially breweries) use advertising to compete in zero-sum market share games. From a public policy perspective, our results are comforting but future research should investigate whether the neutral effect of advertising on aggregated expenditures hide substantial offsetting changes in the drinking habits of individuals. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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